COMMUNICATION
AND NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
1) Define the following:
ARPANET
- Networking started way back in 1969 with the development of the first network
called the ARPANET. The U.S. department of defence sponsored a project named
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) whose goal was to connect
computers at different universities and U.S. defence.
INTERNET - The world's largest network, the Internet.
When networks at multiple locations are connected using services available from
phone companies, people can send e-mail, share links to the global Internet, or
conduct video conferences in real time with other remote users.
INTERSPACE - A client/server software program that
allows multiple users to communicate online with real time audio, video and
text chat in dynamic 3D environments.
CHANNEL - A medium that is used in the transmission of a
message from one point to another.
Bandwidth(khz,mhz,ghz)- The range of frequencies available for
transmission of data.
Data transfer rate(bps,kbps,mbps,gbps,Tbps)-
The data transfer rate (DTR) is the
amount of data in digital form that is moved from one place to another in a
given time on a network.
2) Keeping in view the design of the
network for an establishment or institution , in what situations would you
suggest each one of the following ? Justify
a) Twisted pair cable - This is one of the common forms of wiring
in networks, especially in LANs and it consists of two insulated wires arranged
in a regular spiral pattern (double helix). It is generally used for telephone
communications in offices and also in modern Ethernet networks. It is easy to
install, can carry signal over long distances, least expensive medium.
b) coaxial cable - It is the most commonly used transmission
media for LANs. It consists of solid wire cores surrounded by one or more foil
or wire shields, each separated by some kind of plastic insulator. It is widely
used for television signals and also by large corporations in building security
systems. Multi channel television signals can be transmitted around
metropolitan areas at considerably less cost.
i)
Better than twisted pair
ii)
Suited for broadband transmission
iii)Higher
bandwidth
iv)basis
for shared cables
c) Optical fibre - These consists of thin strands of glass or
glass like material which are so constructed that they carry light from a
source at one end of the fibre to a detector at the other end.
i)
immune to
electrical interference
ii)
suitable for
harsh industrial environment
iii)
expensive
iv)
suitable for
broadband transmission
v)
secured
transmission
d) Infrared - Infrared is the frequency of light that is not
visible to human eye. It has a range of wavelengths. These shorter wavelengths
are the ones used by your TV remotes. playing an important role in wireless
data communication due to the popularity of laptop computers , personal digital
assistants(PDAs) , digital cameras , mobile phones , pagers and other devices
but being a line-of-sight transmission , it is sensitive to fog and other
atmospheric conditions.
i)short range medium of communication
ii)Inexpensive
e)radio link - In case of radiowave transmission, certain
radio frequencies are allocated to private/government organizations for direct
voice communications. Each radio signal uses a different frequency and this
differentiates it from others.
The
transmitter takes some message, encodes it and then transmits it with radio
wave. The receiver on
the
other hand receives the radio waves and decodes it. Both the transmitter and the
receiver use
antennas
to radiate and capture the radio signal. Radio transmission is widely used by
delivery
services, policemen, security
personals etc.
1) easy to communicate through radio waves in
difficult terrains since there is no need of digging
and
laying cables.
2) Radio
waves can travel through long distances in all directions. Also they can easily
pass through
obstacles like a building so they can
be used for both indoor and outdoor communication.
f) microwave link - This type of transmission uses high frequency
radio signals to transmit
data
through space. Like radio waves, microwaves can pass through obstacles viz.
buildings,
mountains
etc. Microwaves offer a line of sight method of communication. A transmitter
and receiver of a microwave system are mounted on very high towers and both
should be visible to each other (line of sight) In case of microwave
transmission, curvature of the earth, mountains and other structures often
block the line of sight.
i)
Microwave
transmission does not require the expense of laying cables
ii)
Signals
become weak after travelling a certain distance and so require amplification.
To overcome this problem, repeaters are used at regular intervals (25-30
kms).
iii)
No cables
laid down.
g)Satellite link - Satellites are an essential part of
telecommunications systems worldwide today. They can carry a large amount of
data in addition to TV signals. Satellite communication is a special use of
microwave transmission system. A satellite is placed precisely at 36000 km
above the equator where its orbit speed exactly matches the earth's rotation
speed. Hence it always stays over the same point with respect to the earth.
This allows the ground station to aim its antenna at a fixed point in the sky.
i)
Satellite
communication is very economical keeping in mind the fact that the area covered
throughsatellite transmission is quite large.
ii) Transmission is affected by weather conditions
like rain, thunderstorm etc.
iii) Placing the satellite into its orbit involves
very high cost.
3) Suggest the applications to which
each of these are used. Also mention the function of each with respect to
networking.
a)
Modem - A modem (Modulator -
Demodulator) is a peripheral device that enables a computer to transmit data
over, telephone or cable lines. It modulates an analogue carrier signal to
encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode
the transmitted information. This is why modem is an acronym of
MOdulator/DEModulator.
b) RJ45 connector – RJ-45 , short form
of Registered Jack - 45 , is an eight wired connector that is used to connect
computers on a local area network(LAN), especially Ethernet.
c)Ethernet card- An Ethernet card is a
kind of network adapter and is also known as Network Interface Card (NIC).
These adapters support the Ethernet standard for high-speed network connections
via cables.
d)Router - A Router is a network device that
works like a bridge to establish connection between two networks but it can
handle networks with different protocols. For example a router can link an
Ethernet network to a mainframe or to internet. If the destination is unknown
to the router, it sends the traffic to another router which knows the
destination. The data is sent to the router which determines the destination
address (using logical address) and then transmits the data accordingly.
e)Switch -A switch is a device that is
used to break a network into different sub-networks called subnet or LAN
segments. This prevents traffic overloading on the network. Switches are
another fundamental part of many networks because they speed things up. They
allow different nodes of a network to communicate directly with one another in
a smooth and efficient manner. In simple terms, a network switch is a small
hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area
network (LAN).
f)Gateway - A
gateway is a network device that establishes an intelligent connection between
a local network and external networks with completely different structures i.e.
it connects two dissimilar networks. In simple terms, it is a node on a network
that serves as an entrance to another network.
g) Wifi card - Wi-Fi cards are small and portable cards that
allow your desktop or laptop computer to connect to the internet through a
wireless network. Wi-Fi transmission is through the use of radio waves. The
antenna transmits the radio signals and these signals are picked up by Wi-Fi
receivers such as computers and cell phones equipped with Wi-Fi cards. These
devices have to be within the range of a Wi-Fi network to receive the signals.
The Wi-Fi card then reads the signals and produces a wireless internet
connection.
h) Firewall - A firewall is hardware or software based
network security system. It prevents unauthorized access (hackers, viruses,
worms etc.) to or from a network. Firewalls are used to prevent unauthorized
internet users to access private networks connected to the Internet. All data
entering or leaving the Intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each
packet and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria. A
firewall filters both inbound and outbound traffic. A firewall may allow all
traffic through unless it meets certain criteria, or it may deny all traffic
unless it meets certain criteria.
4)Illustrate the following network
topologies
Bus
- Bus topology is also known as Linear Topology. In this type of topology, each
node attaches directly to a common cable which acts as the backbone and
therefore functions as a shared communication medium onto which various nodes
are attached,
Star- A star network features a central connection
point called a "hub node" to which all other nodes are connected by a
single path. Each node has a dedicated set of wires connecting it to a central
network hub. Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires
more cable, but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one
computer's network access and not the entire LAN. On the other hand if the hub
fails, the entire network also fails.
Tree- Tree topology is a combination of bus and star
topology. The network looks like an inverted tree with the central root
branching and sub-branching down to the nodes. It integrates multiple star
topologies together onto a bus.
5) Mention what factors should be kept
in mind while laying out the above mentioned topology.
1)
To cut down on
cable length by calculating total distance – bus is used
2)
When length is
not an issue, and when a server needs to be the central node – star is used
6) What are the different types of
network. Give examples of each.
PAN
(Personal Area Network) A Personal Area Network is a computer
network organized around an individual person. Personal area networks typically
involve a mobile computer, a cell phone and/or a handheld computing device such
as a PDA. You can use these networks to transfer files including email and
calendar appointments, digital photos and music.
Personal
area networks can be constructed with cables or be wireless. USB and FireWire
technologies often link together a wired PAN, while wireless PANs typically use
bluetooth or sometimes infrared connections. Bluetooth PANs generally cover a
range of less than 10 meters (about 30 feet).
LAN
(Local Area Network)
In
a LAN, network devices are connected over a relatively short distance. They are
generally privately owned networks within a single building or campus, of up to
a few kilometres in size. LANs can be small, linking as few as three computers,
but often link hundreds of computers used by thousands of people.
Nowadays
we also have WLAN (Wireless LAN) which is based on wireless . One LAN can even
be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio
waves.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
This
is basically a bigger version of LAN and normally uses similar technology. It
might cover few
buildings
in a city and might either be private or public. This is a network which spans
a physical area ( in the range of 5 and 50 km diameter) that is larger than a
LAN but smaller than a WAN. MANs are usually characterized by very high-speed
connections using optical fibres or other digital media and provides uplink
services to wide area networks (WANs) and the Internet.
WAN
(Wide Area Network)
As
the term implies, WAN spans a large geographical area, often a country or a
continent and uses various commercial and private communication lines to
connect computers. Typically, a WAN combines multiple LANs that are geographically separated. This
is accomplished by connecting the different LANs using services such as dedicated
leased phone lines, dial-up phone lines, satellite links, high speed fibre
optic cables and data packet carrier services.
7) What is
TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
protocol(TCP/IP). The Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) breaks the data into
packets that the network can handle efficiently. It manages the assembling of a
message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet.
The Internet Protocol(IP)handles the address part of each packet so that it
reaches to the right destination. It gives distinct address (called IP address)
to each data packet.
FTP - File Transfer protocol - FTP is based on Client/Server principle. By
giving the ftp command with any remote address, the file transfer can be
initiated. In any FTP interface, clients identify the FTP server either by its
IP address (such as 192.168.0.1) or by its host name (such as ftp.about.com).
It is an efficient means to send and receive files from a remote host. You can
even download programs by making FTP requests through your web browser.By
logging on to an FTP server, you can delete, rename, move, or copy files at a server.
PPP- Point to Point Protocol -
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) is used
for communication between two computers using a serial interface, mostly a
personal computer connected by phone line to a server. For example, an Internet
ServiceProvider(ISP) may provide you with a PPP connection so that the
ISP'sserver can respond to your
requests, pass them on to the Internet, and forward your requested
Internet responses back to you. It was basically designed to help communication
between two systems through telephone lines as it supports transmission of
network packets over a serial point to point link.
SMTP
- Simple Mail transfer protocol - SMTP
stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol that allows transmission of email over
the Internet. Most email software is designed to use SMTP for communication
purposes when sending email. It only works for outgoing messages. So when an
email has to be sent, the address of their Internet Service Provider's SMTP
server has to be given.
One
of the purposes of an SMTP is that it simplifies the communication of email
messages between servers. It allows the server to break up different parts of a
message into categories the other server can understand. Any email message has
a sender, a recipient or sometimes multiple recipients - a message body, and
usually a title heading.
POP3- Post Office Protocol Version 3-
POP3 makes it easy for anyone to check their email if their email program is
configured properly to work with the protocol. It is extremely common among
most mail servers because of its simplicity and high success rate and
minimumerrors. Also it can work with virtually any email program, as long as
the email program is configured to host the protocol. The individuals receiving
POP3 email will have to input their username and password in order to
successfully receive email.
VOIP - VOIP stands for voice over internet protocol.
It enables the transfer of voice using packet switched network rather than
using public switched telephone network. By using VOIP software, phone calls
can be done using standard internet connection.
Remote Login(Telnet) - Telnet is the main internet protocol for
creating a connection with a remote machine. It allows you to connect to remote
computers (called remote hosts) over a TCP/IP network (such as the Internet).
Once your telnet client establishes a connection to the remote host, your
client becomes a virtual terminal, allowing you to communicate with the remote
host from your computer with whatever privileges you may have been granted to
the specific application and data on that host computer.
Chatting
A
real time informal communication over the Internet is chatting. A chat program
is software which is required for chatting over the internet. AOL Instant
Messenger, Campfire, Internet Messenger, MSN Messenger are some commonly used
chat programs.
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
IRC
protocol is used for chatting. It provides chatting between a group or between
two individuals. It is based on client/server model. The IRC client sends and
receives messages to and from an IRC server. The IRC server transports the
message from one client to another.
8) Wireless protocols
GSM
The
2G system was based on GSM technology. GSM standard was defined by ETSI in
1989. GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. GSM technology is
a combination of FDMA and TDMA. With GSM, all subscriber and wireless provider
information is stored on interchangeable modules known as SIM (Subscriber
Identification Module) cards. By swapping out the SIM card, users can
painlessly switch phones or providers. They used circuit switching.
CDMA
It
stands for Code Division Multiple Access. In this, each user is allocated a
unique code sequence. On the sender's end, the data signal is encoded using the
given unique code. The receiver decodes the signal according the unique code
and recovers the original data.
This
allows multiple signals from different users to share the same frequency band.
Because of this feature, it is commonly
called CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).
WLL
Wireless
in Local Loop(WLL) is meant to serve subscribers at homes or offices. In WLL
services, the telephone provided is expected to be as good as wired phone. WLL is analogous with local telephone
service, but much more capable. A WLL system serves a local area by deploying a
multiplicity of multichannel transmit/receive base stations(transceivers) that
are within line-of-site of the intended customers.
GPRS - Data services have become a much more
important part of the mobile phone network than they used to be, starting with
text messaging and early packet data services such as GPRS (General Packet Radio Service).
9)What is the difference between 1G,
2G, 3G and 4G mobile telecommunication technologies?
1G
- The first mobile system was devised in the U.S. by AT&T.AMPS (Advanced
Mobile Phone System), invented by Bell Labs.It was based on the analog
cellular technology. They only had voice facility available.
2G
- Second-generation mobile phone systems switched to transmitting voice calls
in digital form to increase capacity, improve security, and offer text
messaging.It was based on GSM (Global System for Mobile communications). It used narrowband TDM (Time Division Multiplexing). The handset
activated chip a SIM card, short for Subscriber Identity Module.
Data
services have become a much more important part of the mobile phone network
than they used to be, starting with text messaging and early packet data
services such as GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) in the GSM system.
3G
- The third
generation of mobile phones, or 3G as it is called, is all about digital voice and
data.
The following are the features:
1. High-quality voice transmission.
2. Messaging (replacing email, fax,
SMS, chat, etc.).
3. Multimedia (playing music, viewing
videos, films, television, etc.).
4. Internet access (Web surfing,
including pages with audio and video).
Many operators have taken cautious
steps in the direction of 3G by going to what is sometimes called 2.5G, although 2.1G might be more
accurate. One such system is EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution), which is just GSM with more bits per
symbol.
4G- 4G cellular networks that are now being standardized under the name LTE
(Long Term Evolution).
While 3G
cellular networks are based on CDMA and support voice and data, 4G cellular
networks will be based on OFDM with MIMO, and they will target data, with voice
as just one application.
4G
technologies that are faster and better are on the drawing board under the name
of LTE (Long Term Evolution).
Some of the
features of 4G include:
•
high bandwidth;
•
ubiquity (connectivity everywhere);
•
seamless integration with other wired and
•
wireless IP networks, including 802.11 access points; adaptive resource
and spectrum management;
•
and high quality of service for multimedia.
10) What is the difference between
a)
Circuit switching and Packet switching(different ways of sending data across
the network)
Circuit switching
|
Packet switching
|
Conceptually, when you or your computer
places a telephone call, the switching
equipment within the telephone system seeks
out a physical path all the way
from your telephone to the receiver’s
telephone.
When a call passes through a switching
office, a physical connection is (conceptually) established between the line
on which the call came in and one of the output lines.
Nevertheless, the basic idea is valid: once
a call has been set up, a dedicated path between both ends exists and will
continue to exist until the call is finished
|
With
this technology, packets are sent as soon as they are available.
There
is no need to set up a dedicated path in advance, unlike with circuit
switching.
Packet switching networks place a
tight upper limit on block size, allowing the packets to be buffered in main
memory instead of on disk.
They are well suited in handling interactive
traffic
|
b) Wi-fi and Wi-max
Wi-fi
|
Wi-max
|
There is a standard for wireless LANs called
IEEE 802.11, popularly known as WiFi, which has become very
widespread. It runs at speeds anywhere from 11 to hundreds of Mbps.
|
IEEE formed a group to standardize a
broadband wireless metropolitan area network.standardized as IEEE 802.16 and
is popularly known as WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access).
|
c) Hacking and cracking
Hacking
|
Cracking
|
The term was used for people who
engaged themselves in harmless technical
experiments and fun learning activities.
A computer enthusiast, who uses his computer
programming skills to intentionally access a computer
without authorization is known as hacking.
The computer enthusiast involved in this activity is known as a hacker.
A hacker accesses the computer without the
intention of destroying data or maliciously harming the computer.
|
Another term commonly used with hacking is
cracking. Cracking can be defined as a method by which a person who gains
unauthorized access to a computer with the intention of causing damage.
|
11)What are
the threats of computer networks? What are the damages caused? How do you
prevent it?
Viruses
are a form of malicious code that attaches itself to the host program When a virus
arrives, either via a Web page, an email attachment, or some other way, it
usually starts out by infecting executable programs on the disk.
Worms
are like viruses that would replicate itself in seconds on every machine it
could gain access to. But unlike viruses, it does not need to attach itself to
a host program.
once running, it connects to the machine from
which it came, uploads the main worm, and executes it. After going to some trouble to
hide its existence, the worm then looks through its new host's routing tables
to see what machines that host was connected to and attempts to spread the
bootstrap to those machines.
A very common practice is to write some
genuinely useful program and embed the malware inside of it. Games, music
players, and anything with splashy graphics are likely candidates.
People
will then voluntarily download and install the application. As a free bonus,
they get the malware installed, too. This approach is called a Trojan horse
attack,
When the free program is started, it calls a
function that writes the malware to disk as an executable program and starts
it. The malware can then do whatever damage it was designed for, such as
deleting, modifying, or encrypting files.
Electronic junk mail (spam) has become a part of life because spammers
have collected millions of email addresses and would-be marketers can cheaply
send computer-generated messages to them. The resulting flood of spam rivals
the flow messages from real people.
Phishing messages masquerade as originating from a
trustworthy party, for example,
your bank, to try to trick you into revealing sensitive information, for
example, credit card numbers. Identity theft is becoming a serious problem as
thieves collect enough information about a victim to obtain credit cards and
other documents in the victim’s name.
Small files called cookies that Web browsers
store on users’ computers allow companies to track users’ activities in
cyberspace and may also allow credit card numbers, social security numbers, and
other confidential information to leak all over the Internet.
12)What is
the role of firewall in networks?
The ability to connect any computer, anywhere,
to any other computer, anywhere, is a mixed blessing. While there is a lot of
valuable material on the Web, being connected to the Internet exposes a
computer to two kinds of dangers: incoming and outgoing.
Incoming dangers include crackers trying to
enter the computer as well as viruses, spyware, and other malware.
Outgoing dangers include confidential
information such as credit card numbers, passwords, tax returns, and all kinds
of corporate information getting out.
Consequently, mechanisms are needed to keep
"good" bits in and "bad" bits out. One approach is to use a
firewall, which is just a modern adaptation of that old medieval security
standby: digging a deep moat around your castle.
It is hardware or
software based network security system. It prevents unauthorized access (hackers, viruses, worms etc.) to or from a
network.
13)What is
the importance of cyber law with respect to networks?
Is a generic term
which refers to all the legal and regulatory aspects of Internet and world wide
web.
Cyberlaw is
important because it touches almost all aspects of transactions and activities
on and concerning the internet, the world wide web and cyberspace.
14)Write 2
sentences about India IT Act
In India, the cyber
laws are contained in the Information Technology Act ,2000(IT Act 2000) .
It aims to provide
the legal infrastructure for e-commerce in India by governing the transactions
through the internet and other electronic medium.
15)Write one
or two lines about
Digital Signature - A digital
signature is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity
of digital messages or documents. A valid digital signature gives a recipient
reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender (authentication), that the sender cannot deny having sent the
message (non-repudiation), and that the message was not altered in
transit (integrity)
Cookies - Small files called cookies that Web browsers
store on users’ computers allow companies to track users’ activities in
cyberspace and may also allow credit card numbers, social security numbers, and
other confidential information to leak all over the Internet.
IPR issues -
The
Intellectual Property may be defined as a product of the intellect that has
commercial value, including copyrighted property such as literary or artistic
works and ideational property.
16)What is Spam? How do you avoid it?
Electronic junk mail (spam) has become a part of life because spammers
have collected millions of email addresses and would-be marketers can cheaply
send computer-generated messages to them. The resulting flood of spam rivals
the flow messages from real people.
Filtering software is able to read and discard the spam generated by other computers, with
lesser or greater degrees of success.
17)Expand
and explain the following
1.
WWW
- The world wide web (www) is a set of protocols that allows you to access any
document on the Net through a naming system based on URLs.
Internet is a highway that offers lot many
services, features etc. WWW is a small part of Internet. It is a truck that
uses this highway.
2.
HTML-Everything
that you see on the web is documents written in a special language called HTML
or Hypertext Markup Language.
This language tells browsers like Chrome how
to display text, pictures and links on the screen.
3. XML – Extensible
Markup Language . markup language
for documents containing structured information. Provides a facility to define
tags and structural relationship b/w them
4. HTTP-One widely used application protocol is HTTP
(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol), which is the basis for the World Wide
Web. When a browser wants a Web page, it sends the name of the page it wants to
the server hosting the page using HTTP. The server then sends the page back.
5. URL - Each page is assigned a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) that
effectively serves as the page’s worldwide name. URLs have three parts:
the protocol (also known as the scheme),
the DNS name of the machine on which the page is located, and the path
uniquely indicating the specific page (a file to read or program to run on the
machine). In the general case, the path has a hierarchical name that models a
file directory structure.
As an example, the URL of the page shown as
follows
http://www.cs.washington.edu/index.html
This URL consists of three parts: the protocol
(http), the DNS name of the host
(www.cs.washington.edu), and the path name
(index.html).
18) Web site, Web browser, Web
Servers, Web Hosting
Web
site - A location on a net server is called a web site. Each web site has a
unique address called URL(Uniform Resource Locator) i.e. the web site of
microsoft has an address www.microsoft.com
Web browser and web server - The world wide web (www) is based on
clients and servers. A WWW client is called Web browser or simply a browser and WWW server is called a Web server.
Web Hosting - Means of hosting web-server application on a
computer system through which electronic content on the internet is readily
available to any web-browser client.
Web Scripting – Client Side – software
used - VBScript,
Javascript
Web Scripting – Server Side – software
used - ASP, PHP, PERL, JSP etc
AJAX
- Web
applications need responsive user interfaces and seamless access to data stored
on remote Web servers. These technologies
are commonly used with several other key technologies in a combination called AJAX
(Asynchronous JAvascript and Xml).
19) What is Web 2.0 for social
networking?
Web 2.0 is
the term given to describe a second generation of the World Wide Web that is focused on the ability for
people to collaborate and share information online.
Web
2.0 basically refers to the transition from static HTML Web pages to a more dynamic Web that is
more organized and is based on serving Web applications to users.
20) Explain
When
the Web burst into public view, it was initially used for just distributing
static pages. However, before long, some companies got the idea of using it for
financial transactions, such as purchasing merchandise by credit card, online
banking, and electronic stock trading. These applications created a demand for
secure connections. In 1995, Netscape Communications Corp., the then-dominant
browser vendor, responded by introducing a security package called SSL (Secure
Sockets Layer) to meet this demand.
E-commerce
- Using computer networks,
manufacturers can place orders electronically as needed. This reduces the need
for large inventories and enhances efficiency.
As with companies, home users can
access information, communicate with other people, and buy products and
services with e-commerce.
Home
shopping is already popular and enables users
to inspect the online catalogs of thousands of companies.
Another area in which e-commerce is
widely used is access to financial institutions.
Many people already pay their bills,
manage their bank accounts, and handle their investments electronically.
Mobile
Processor: A CPU chip designed for laptops, tablets,
smartphones and other portable devices. Mobile processors use lower voltages
and are designed to run cooler than the CPUs in desktop computers.
Today’s
smartphone and mobile processors are very powerful, so powerful that it is
almost as powerful as a desktop computer.
Mobile Banking: Mobile banking is a service provided by
a bank or other financial institution that allows its
customers to conduct financial transactions remotely using a mobile
device such as a smart phone or tablet. Unlike the related internet
banking it uses software, usually called an app, provided by the
financial institution for the purpose. Mobile banking is usually available on a
24-hour basis. Some financial institutions have restrictions on which accounts
may be accessed through mobile banking, as well as a limit on the amount that
can be transacted.
Online
banking: A method of banking in which transactions are
conducted electronically over the Internet. Online banking refers to banking services
where depositors can manage more aspects of their accounts over the Internet,
rather than visiting a branch or using the telephone.
Payment apps: Apple Pay
Apple Pay works with iPhone, iPad, and Apple
Watch. If a POS system supports Apple Pay, when you're ready to check out, you
can use your stored credit or debit card to pay with just a quick press of your
fingerprint or the side button on your watch. Mac computers can use Apple Pay
too.
Samsung
Pay & Android Pay:Similar to
Apple Pay is Samsung Pay, which works with Samsung Galaxy devices. Android
Pay is an app available on all non-rooted Android devices, available
on Google Play. Tons of banks are supported and you can pay
in lots of stores.
Bank
Apps:Lots of banks let you transfer money
to other users of that same bank. Sometimes, this feature is available from
within the mobile app. Bank of America, Simple, Wells Fargo
and Chase are just a few examples but there are many others that work
the same way
Payment
Services: A payment service provide .According to Wikipedia, the
definition of a (PSP is a company that “offers shops online services for
accepting electronic payments by a variety of payment methods
including credit card, bank-based payments such as direct
debit, bank transfer, and real-time bank transfer based on online banking.
Exercises to work: P-808
Q11,12,16,17,34,35,36,37,38,41,p-827 Q19,20,9-831-Q19,20
